As stated above, a normal Japanese resident’s diet provides sufficient selenium and chromium. However, the difference between recommended dietary allowance and tolerable upper intake level for some minerals, like selenium, can be quite small. Accordingly, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare has established standards for the intake of calories and nutrients (Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010)). However, when mineral intake becomes insufficient or excessive, the body can experience harm. Minerals play an important part in bone formation, muscle movement, metabolism, and enzyme activation, and are essential for maintaining health. Hexavalent chromium is known to be highly toxic, but virtually all of the chromium found in food is physiologically safe trivalent chromium. Note that chromium normally exists in two states – trivalent and hexavalent chromium. Like selenium, sufficient chromium can be obtained as part of a normal Japanese resident's diet. Selenium can be found in abundance in algae, seafood, meat, and egg yolks and is provided in sufficient amounts as part of a normal Japanese resident’s diet.Ĭhromium is connected with the metabolism of sugars and cholesterol as well as maintaining protein metabolism and is found in seaweed, buckwheat, seafood, and meat. Selenium makes up part of certain enzymes and proteins and plays an important role in the antioxidant response (a reaction which protects cells from being damaged by oxidizing substances).
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Selenium and chromium are not lacking as part of a normal diet Similar to the results for selenium, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government survey found that the recommended intake amount shown on the labels of 24 out of 71 products exceeded the recommended dietary allowance of 30 micrograms per day for chromium for adult women (Fig. When this average intake amount was added to the results of the products examined in the survey, some products exceeded the tolerable upper intake level.Īs there is insufficient research concerning how much chromium may be consumed before health problems occur, no tolerable upper intake level is established in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010), only a recommended dietary allowance.
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The average Japanese resident intakes a sufficient amount of selenium via normal eating habits, with the average intake amount stated to be approximately 100 micrograms per day. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government’s survey revealed that for an adult woman, whose recommended dietary allowance is set lower than that of an adult man's, the recommended intake amount shown on the labels of 22 out of 28 products exceeded the recommended dietary allowance of 25 micrograms per day (Fig. The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010), created by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, establishes a recommended dietary allowance (the intake amount per day estimated to meet the amount required by the body) and tolerable upper intake level (the maximum amount which will not cause health problems due to overconsumption) for selenium in Japan. Accordingly, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has conducted a survey of selenium and chromium content in supplements commercially available in Tokyo. However, supplements which contain these minerals are available for commercial sale, making it possible for users to intake more of these minerals than are necessary. No incidents like those which occurred in the US have been reported in Japan. Tokyo Metropolitan Government survey results (survey of mineral content in supplements for mineral supplementation) Test results showed that the product with the highest concentrations contained 40,800 micrograms of selenium and 3,426 micrograms of chromium in one dose.
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Users of these products experienced symptoms such as hair loss, muscle spasms, diarrhea, and joint pain. In 2008, government agencies in the US reported health problems due to high concentrations of selenium and chromium in certain dietary supplements and raised the alarm concerning them. Health problems have been experienced in the US due to supplements containing selenium and chromium Tokyo Food Safety Information Center » Good things to know » Warning concerning overconsumption of supplements containing selenium and chromium Warning concerning overconsumption of supplements containing selenium and chromium